How to Reduce Employee Stress - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1815 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Stress is a major issue for modern businesses and managers in the contemporary working environment. Not only do stress related illnesses have a cost for organisations in terms of lost working hours and productivity, but higher levels of stress have also been associated with lower level of satisfaction, poorer quality service delivery, and higher levels of turnover (George and Zakkariya, 2015). This essay will thus look to carry out a critical review of theory and research into the various options and approaches which can be used to manage employee stress and ensure it does not reach an excessive level which could harm organisational performance and outcomes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How to Reduce Employee Stress" essay for you Create order One of the main themes in the literature is the important role that an employees immediate managers, and particularly line managers, can play in the management of stress. According to Donaldson-Feilder et al (2008), as line managers are responsible for organising employees and directly supervising their work, they are ideally positioned to address their psychological needs and manage work related stress. This indicates that line managers need to ensure they have developed and are able to apply the necessary skills to the management of employee stress in order to maintain levels of moral and performance. At the same time, research indicates that senior managers need to focus on empowering line managers and giving them the necessary support and delegated authority to manage stress among their teams, in order to help employees manage their stress proactively through planning, prioritizing and delegating work (Moyle, 2006, p. 48). This is an important issue, given recent findings that many line managers are themselves too stressed to help their employees deal with work related stress (Crawford, 2013). This indicates that the management of stress is an issue which requires managerial involvement at all levels, as build ups of excessive stress in any layer of an organisational hierarchy can trigger additional issues and performance problems. In addition to the direct management of stress, it is also important to recognise the role of leadership styles in creating an organisational environment in which the causes of stress are minimised. As noted by Huczynksi and Buchanan (2010), many managers continue to follow traditional supervisory leadership theories, through which they look to encourage and reward good performance and reprimand employees who fail to perform. However, there is a risk of this type of leadership resulting in an overly autocratic approach to the management of employees. A research study by Castledine (2004) showed that this style of leadership is associated with higher levels of stress, leading to a lack of commitment and risk of employee burn-out. This thus indicates one of the primary paradoxes in the management of stress, namely that a degree of stress is required in the form of pressure to perform and penalties for failure if employees are to be motivated to work hard, but above a certain level this stress can become destructive. As such, one of the core options for managing stress without eliminating it is to use transformational and participative leadership styles which will motivate employees to perform whilst providing them with support and motivation to avoid any issues of excess stress, and preventing a long term accumulation of stress which can cause damage to employee outcomes (Northhouse, 2011). In addition to the specific style of leadership, it is also important to recognise the role of individual employee factors, both inside and outside the organisation, in influencing levels of stress and the negativ e impacts which can result. This is particularly important in light of recent developments in the nature of work, including flexible labour markets and the rise in knowledge work. According to Robbins et al (2010), this has resulted in a growth in employee expectations around the rights and the obligations of organisations and employees, and a demand for organisations to also recognise these rights. This can cause conflict between organisational and employee priorities, particularly in the area of work life balance, and the extent to which demands placed on employees by organisations are fair and reasonable (Sturges and Guest, 2004). This is of importance in the context of employee stress, given that research has shown that a positive work life balance is one of the major factors in preventing the build up of stress and helping support healthier lifestyles for employees (Gregory and Milner, 2009). Ensuring a positive work life balance, which does not place excessive demands on emplo yees, is thus also key to managing levels of employee stress. The role of work life balance in controlling organisational stress is also linked to the general literature around the growing importance of the psychological contract. Evidence from the literature indicates that the formation of a strong psychological contract between an employee and their manager and organisation can help to boost levels of motivation and thus drive higher levels of performance (Watson, 2001). However, the psychological contract is also based on a strong recognition of the role of the organisation in supporting the employee with any specific issues or circumstances, in order to make them feel more valued (Abendroth et al, 2012). A failure to manage the psychological contract can result in perceptions by employees that the organisation and its managers have broken the contract, which can increase levels of stress and the negative impacts of stress on organisational outcome (Houston et al, 2006). This indicates that managers must be attuned to the implied promises in the psychological contracts they have developed with their employees and must honour these promises or risk high levels of employee stress and associated dissatisfaction. The ability of managers to identify and address these issues is also linked strongly to the level of managerial understanding around stress as an emotional issue. This in turn leads to the argument that managers who are able to deal better with stress and other emotional issues will be better at controlling them and reducing any associated negative impacts, causing Goleman et al (2002) to argue that emotional intelligence is now a vital competence for modern leaders. This argument is supported by Hughes et al (2005), who use theory to argue that emotional intelligence will help leaders to improve their level of understanding of the emotional behaviours and needs of employees, and thus allow them to respond to these issues in a supportive manner, building a more genuine relationship. This will thus improve the ability of managers to understand and address the causes of stress, helping to pre-empt the emergence of stress in the workplace. Managers can thus look to develop their emotional intelligence in order to improve their management of stress. Unfortunately, whilst emotional intelligence is one of the areas of management competence which is seen as amongst the most prominent in the management of stress, it is also one of the most controversial. On the one hand, Sadri (2012, p. 535) states that the components of emotional intelligence integrate with contemporary leadership development practices, which supports the argument that emotional intelligence is key to the development of effective leadership which can help manage stress. However, research and arguments by both Antonakis et al (2009) and Lindebaum (2009) indicate that whilst there are strong theoretical arguments for emotional intelligence, there is very limited statistical evidence to support these arguments. In particular, Lindebaum (2009) argues that the value of emotional intelligence is generally supported through the use of hyperbolic claims around the value of this competence in the management of stress and achievement of positive employee outcomes, however the empirical support for these arguments is very limited. As such, whilst the management of emotional issues and their potential negative impacts is widely supported in the literature as a method of managing employee stress, the existence of a single competence or capability which can ensure effective management of these complex issues is less clear. In conclusion, the literature indicates that there are a number of methods, techniques and approaches which can be used to ensure the effective management of stress. These include ensuring that line managers are empowered and trained in dealing with stress and are themselves protected from stress, and also ensuring that leadership styles are participative and transformational to ensure pressure to perform does not turn into high levels of stress. In addition to this, the organisation and its managers must support positive individual level factors such as work life balance and a psychological contract which establishes clear expectations and meets said expectations. There is also a strong argument that leaders and managers need to develop higher levels of emotional intelligence if they are to understand employee needs and emotional requirements and thus develop appropriate responses to address these needs and the stress they may cause. However, this argument is not well supported in the empirical literature, which indicates that the development of emotional intelligence may not be possible or feasible. Instead managers should look to respond to each situation individually and manage the stress which can result in order to keep overall levels of stress in their organisation at an acceptable level. References Abendroth, A. Lippe, T. Maas, I. (2012) Social support and the work hours of employed mothers in Europe: the relevance of state, the workplace, and the family. Social Science Research. 41(3) p581-597 Antonakis, J. Ashkanasy, N. and Dasborough, M. (2009). Does leadership need emotional intelligence? The Leadership Quarterly. 20, p247-261 Castledine, G. (2004). Role of hospital nursing in promoting patient recovery. British Journal of Nursing, 13 (7), 353 Crawford, R. (2013) Line managers too stressed to help staff. Employee Benefits. 11/22/2013, p3 Donaldson-Feilder, E. Yarker, J. and Lewis, R. (2008) Line management competence: the key to preventing and reducing stress at work. Strategic HR Review. 7(2) p11-16 Goleman D, Boyatzis R. and McKee R. (2002) The New Leaders: Transforming the art of leadership into the science of results. London: Sphere. Boston: Harvard Business School Press George, E. and Zakkariya, K. (2015) Job related stress and job satisfaction: a comparative study among bank employees. Journal of Management Development. 34(3) p316-329 Gregory, A, Milner, S. (2009) Editorial: work life balance: a matter of choice? Gender, Work and Organisation. 16(1) p1-13 Houston, D. Meyer, L. Paewai, S. (2006) Academic Staff Workloads and Job Satisfaction: Expectations and values in academe. Journal of Higher Education Policy Management. 28(1) p17-30 Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (2010) Organizational behaviour. 7th Edition. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Hughes, M. Patterson, L. Bonita, Terrell, J. (2005) Emotional intelligence in action: training and coaching activities for leaders and managers. London: Pfeiffer Lindebaum, D. (2009). Rhetoric or remedy? A critique on developing emotional intelligence. Academy of Management Learning Education. 8, p225-237 Moyle, P. (2006) How toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦reduce stress in the workplace. People Management. 12(16) p48-49 Northhouse, P. (2011) Introduction to Leadership: Conc epts and Practice. 2nd Edition. London: Sage Robbins, J. Judge, T. Campbell, T. (2010) Organisational behaviour. Harlow: Prentice Hall, Financial Times Sadri, G. (2012) Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Development. Public Personnel Management. 41(3) p535-548 Sturges, J. Guest, D. (2004) Working to live or living to work? Work/life balance early in the career. Human Resource Management Journal. 14(4) p5-20 Watson, B. (2001) Report: A New Deal? Understanding the Psychological Contract. Public Money Management. 21(3) p57

Native American Mascot Discrimination Essay - 1345 Words

Is it believable that Native American children face discrimination during their education because their schools have Native American mascots? Yes. However, are Native American children the only children who face discrimination throughout their education? Do mascots lead to discrimination against other races of children? Do African American and Asian children face discrimination? Do timid children, â€Å"nerds† and other various stereotypes face discrimination? Are all of these students not being discriminated against as well? A cultural mascot may lead to some discrimination against Native American children in school, but does it contribute to all discrimination against them? In Barbara E. Munson’s Common Themes and Questions About the Use of†¦show more content†¦Along with her personal bias, Munson also biases in her argument by supporting it with the positions of Native American organizations. Munson says, â€Å" The National Council of American Indians, t he Great Lakes Inter Tribal Council, the Oneida Tribe, and the Wisconsin Indian Education Association have all adopted formal position statements† on the use of Native American mascots, but these institutions are all biased towards the Native American population (3). Munson is unable to find people or other institutions not related to the Native American Population to help support her claims. She only uses those already in favor of her argument, therefore creating a stronger bias. If Munson were able to provide statements from organizations not associated with the Native American population, she would be able to provide acceptable support for her argument. Munson’s bias and improper use of credibility are only minor imperfections within her argument, however another imperfection becomes visible as Munson continuously uses fallacies throughout her piece. One example of Munson’s fallacies is when she states that, â€Å"The average life expectancy of Native Americ an males is age 45. The teen suicide rate among Native people is several times higher than the national average...Racism kills† (3). Munson is using the hastyShow MoreRelatedMascots : An Honor Or An Insult?1352 Words   |  6 PagesMascots: An honor or an insult? The idea of using Native American names and images in sports has been a topic of public controversy in the United States since the 1960’s. Sports mascots that continue to promote racial, cultural, or bias slurs should be changed so that racial discrimination can be stopped and everyone can be treated equally/fairly. In today’s society, there is no room for racism or stereotypes especially in sports; an activity that is supposed to bring people together to supportRead More The Debate Regarding the Use of Native American Mascots Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagescompetition, have a mascot. It is the mascot that represents the competitive spirit and team identity, motivating players and fans alike. Does the symbol chosen as a mascot have any impact on whether a team wins or loses? Unlikely. But the choice of a Native American mascot continues to ignite debate and controversy among athletes, fans and alumni, as well as those people who might otherwise be disinterested in sports. Why all the controversy? The dispute over whether Native American mascots should beRead MoreRacism in Native American Mascots1798 Words   |  8 Pageswhen a native from the North American country is targeted through sports? Sports: physical active games, fan filled, entertaining to the public, and usually represented by an object. The typical sports mascot varies between an animal, historical figures to a fictional character. 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Racial Discrimination1200 Words   |  5 PagesIndian Mascots vs Racial Discrimination Do you feel having Indian mascots for sports teams take part in racial discrimination? In the sports world, representing a Native American is showing honor and respect. In society, communities take it as offensive and racist towards Native Americans. The government recognizes the positive representation of Indians and has given them more rights than state citizens. Considering the history, what it means, and general attitude, Indian mascots should be allowedRead MoreMascots : It s More Than Mascot Status1678 Words   |  7 PagesMore Than A Mascot â€Å"It s more than mascot status. It s hero worship.† by David Young. Throughout history, people has used mascot to instill inspiration and fear toward an idea. Mascots image has been utilized to impart spark and dread to our thoughts. The Egyptians had their Pharaoh, the Greek Olympians had the Gods, and Roman Gladiators used brute and strength to flare up the crowd’s attention. This quote by David Young was simply signifying the main ideas behind an organizational mascot. It s moreRead MoreNative American Mascots Should be Banned1253 Words   |  6 PagesIndians baseball game and the crowd, in a somewhat inebriated state, cheered wildly at the team’s mascot. This mascot was not a bull or a bronco, or a giant or a jet, but rather, in my view, was a mean-spirited stereotype of a proud and noble people. In this age of political correctness, what minority in this country would allow itself to be portrayed in such a demeaning manner? African-Americans, as well as other minorities who have a strong political voice in this country, would not tolerateRead MoreAnalysis Of The Amicus Curiae Is The National Coalition Against Racism Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagescommercialized usage of American Indian identities in the form of sport mascots. In 2006, the NCAA ordered the University of North Dakota to change their mascot, the Fighting Sioux, in a sanction that called for the removal of mascots with tribal logos that were deemed hostile and abusive. Since then, UND has fought this, arguing that it is the right of the University to maintain their mascot. Amicus submits this brief in the hopes to convince the Court that the usage of Native Americans a s mascots perpetuatesRead MoreThe Media Bias And Stereotypes1782 Words   |  8 Pagesstereotypes equally target us, maybe women more. In this paper, I will reflect on three past groups such as Native Americans, Women, and Asian Americans/Pacific Rim, I will discuss on how they influenced my change in thinking and opinion. When we began this class our first group was Native Americans, I recall writing in my analysis that the first thing I thought was the stereotypical Native American. Which was typically a male or female in a headdress, wearing a costume usually made of animal skin, andRead MoreStereotypes Of The American Indian Mascot1206 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizations that portray the American Indian people as a mascot. Ninety-two percent of these sport organizations are high schools, which means roughly around eight percent of high schools have the American Indian mascot in some form (FiveThirtyEightSports). Frankly, this is an unacceptable statistic.This promotes racist mental images from a young age, and can lead many generations to recycle this outdated representation of Natives. 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Forecasting †Simple Linear Regression Applications Free Essays

STATISTICS FOR MGT DECISIONS FINAL EXAMINATION Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications Interpretation and Use of Computer Output (Results) NAME SECTION A – REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1) The management of an international hotel chain is in the process of evaluating the possible sites for a new unit on a beach resort. As part of the analysis, the management is interested in evaluating the relationship between the distance of a hotel from the beach and the hotel’s average occupancy rate for the season. A sample of 14 existing hotels in the area is chosen, and each hotel reports its average occupancy rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications or any similar topic only for you Order Now The management records the hotel’s distance (in miles) from the beach. The following set of data is obtained: Distance (miles)0. 10. 10. 20. 30. 40. 40. 50. 60. 7 Occupancy (%)929596908996908385 Continue Distance (miles)0. 70. 80. 80. 90. 9 Occupancy (%)8078767275 Use the computer output to respond to the following questions: a) A simple linear regression was ran with the occupancy rate as the dependent (explained) variable and distance from the beach as the independent (explaining) variable Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is the estimated regression equation? The regression model is: Occpnc = b[pic] + b[pic](Distncy) The estimated regression equation is: OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTNCY b) Interpret the meaning behind the values you get for both coefficients b[pic] and b[pic]. b[pic]=99. 61444, represent the y-intercept as well as the starting figure for the distance coverage. This is the amount of distance in miles that the hotel is from a beach. b[pic] = 26. 703, represents the percentage of occupancy a hotel has depending on the distance of the hotel from a beach. c) What sort of relationship exists between average hotel occupancy rate and the hotel’s distance from the beach? Does this relationship make sense to you? Why or why not? Both distance and occupancy have a direct relationship. This is true because closer the hotel is to the beach, the higher the chance that the hotel’s occupancy will be greater. If a person is going to stay at a hotel, chances are they are on vacation. People on vacation love to spend time on a beach for relaxation purposes, so it would only make sense that a hotel that is closer to the beach will have a higher occupancy rate. d) Interpret the R-Square value in your computer output R-Squared = 0. 848195 = 84. 8195 ) Predict the expected occupancy rate for a hotel that is (i) one mile from the beach in that area, (ii) one and half miles from the beach. i. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1) = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 = 72. 911 ii. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1. 5) = 99. 61444 – 40. 055 = 59. 559 f) In your mind, what other variables contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides dis tance from the beach? Other variables that contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides distance from the beach include the distance of restaurants, shopping centers, and airport from the hotel. The closer theses variables are to the hotel the chances the occupancy rate will be higher. In addition, other variables may include what type of amenities that are offered by the hotel, customer service, and rating of the hotel. g) At a level of significance, ? = 0. 01 or 1 percent test the following pair of hypotheses: H[pic]: b[pic]= 0 H[pic]: b[pic]? 0 On the model: Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is your conclusion and why that particular conclusion? COMPUTER OUTPUT – PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION FUNCTION ANOVA FOR OCCPNCY OCCPNCY = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTANCE R-Squared = 0. 848195 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 835545 Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Number of cases used = 14 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 747. 68 1 747. 68390 67. 04880 0. 000002 Residual 133. 82 12 11. 15134 Total 881. 50 13 COMPUTER OUTPUT – PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR OCCPNCY Two-Sided p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 99. 61444 1. 4107 51. 31933 0. 000000 DISTANCE -26. 70300 3. 26110 -8. 18833 0. 000002 * Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 324282 MULTIPLE REGRESSION 2) You want to find out factors that explain an individual’s weekly savings. You are given a set of data below: Sampled WeeklyHouseFoodEntertain/Weekly IndividualIncomeRentExpenseExpenseSavings Case 1$25085952520 Case 2$1907590100 Case 3$4201401204050 Case 4$340120130040 Case 5$2801101003015 Case 6$310801252525 Case 7$5201501405580 Case 8$440175155450 Case 9$3609 0852095 Case 10$3851051353530 Case 11$2058010505 Case 12$26565951515 Case 13$19550801020 Case 14$25090100250 Case 15$4801401604545 A multiple regression was ran with WEEKLY SAVINGS as the DEPENDENT VARIABLE and the rest as the INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. SAVINGS = b[pic][pic]+ b[pic]INCOME + b[pic]RENT + b[pic]FOOD + b[pic]ENTERT a) What is the estimated multiple regression equation? SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT b) What relationship exists between (i) SAVINGS and INCOME? , SAVINGS and RENT? , SAVINGS and FOOD expense, SAVINGS and ENTERTAINMENT expense? There are no direct relationship between saving and income, savings and rent, savings and food expense, and savings and entertainment expense. c) Which of the independent (explaining) variables are (is) significant in the multiple regression and which ones are (is) not significant (use ? = 0. 05 level of significance). Are the results in line with Maslow hierarchy of needs? Explain. COMPUTER OUTPUT PART I WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION FUNCTION ANOVA FOR SAVINGS SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT R-Squared = 0. 917562 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 70454 Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Number of cases used = 12 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 9364. 86 4 2341. 21 19. 47795 0. 000677 Residual 841. 39 7 120. 198 Total 10206. 250 11 COMPUTER OUTPUT PART II WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SAVINGS Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Const ant 23. 14156 18. 34071 1. 26176 0. 247451 INCOME 0. 59145 0. 07388 8. 00526 0. 000091 RENT -0. 4179 0. 19849 -1. 72199 0. 128743 * FOOD -1. 11973 0. 24633 -4. 54565 0. 002650 ENTERT -0. 90787 0. 32460 -2. 79689 0. 026643 * indicates that the variable is marked for leaving Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 683103 3) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Y of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data below: PRICE (X)SALES (Y) $2010,300 $259,100 $308,200 $356,500 $405,100 $502,300 A simple linear regression of a model SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION FUNCTION ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 994999 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 993749 Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 4. 24350E+07 1 4. 24350E+07 795. 83480 0. 000009 Residual 213285. 70000 4 53321. 43000 Total 4. 26483E+07 5 PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Y) Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 15907. 14000 332. 34250 47. 86370 0. 000001 PRICE(X) -269. 71430 9. 56076 -28. 21054 0. 000009 * Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 687953 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Y and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not? There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The lower the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense because if the price is lower, a person will purchase more items. c) What can you say about GOOD Y and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Name a pair of good X and good y that can display this kind of relationship. Suppose the price of candy is $0. 50/lb, the sales of the candy versus the same type of candy that is $0. 80/lb would yield more sales because of the price. The price of the candy directly affects sales in this instance because a person would buy more candy at $0. 0/lb versus $0. 80/lb. 4) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Z of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data below: PRICE (X)SALES (Z) $153300 $203900 $254750 $305500 $406550 $507250 A simple linear regression of a model SA LES (Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION FUNCTION ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Z) = 1740. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 977573 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 71966 Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 1. 13565E+07 1 1. 13565E+07 174. 35450 0. 000190 Residual 260539. 20000 4 65134. 80000 Total 1. 16171E+07 5 PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Z) p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 1740. 68600 282. 52800 6. 16111 0. 003522 PRICE(X) 115. 58820 8. 75381 13. 20434 0. 000190 * Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 240299 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES (Z) = 1740. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Z and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not? There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The higher the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense as it relates to supply and demand. The higher the demand and for the product and unavailability of the product, the price will go up even though sales may he same due to the price increase the sales amount will be higher. c) What can you say about GOOD Z and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Give an example of good X and good Z that can display this kind of relationship A prime example that displays this kind of relationship is gas. The price of gas has been going up for sometime now. The demand for it is high, but the supply of is low. Therefore, even though the amount of sales may stay constant, the dollar amount will be higher because the price is higher. Chi-Squared Test #1 MM, makers of Chocolate Candies, conducted a national poll in which more than ten million people indicated their preference for a new color. The tally of this poll resulted in the replacement of tan-colored MMs with a new blue color. In the brochure â€Å"Colors,† made available by MMS Consumer Affairs, the distribution of colors for the plain candies is as follows: BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30%20%20%10%10%10% In a follow-up study two years later, samples of 1-pound bags were used to determine whether the reported percentages were still valid. The following results were obtained (observed) for one sample of 506 plain candies BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 17713579413638 Use a level of significance ( = 0. 05 to determine whether these data support the percentages reported by the company Hint: To obtain the Expected Number of multiply the sample value (506) by each color’s probability, i. e. , E = BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30% (506)20%(506)20%(506)10%(506)10%(506)10%(506) Then compute the Chi-Squared. H[pic]: f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic] hold previous year’s patterns or percentages H[pic]: At least one frequency differs from the previous year’s pattern or percentages E = 506/6 = 84. 33 [pic]=(177 –84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(135 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33 + (79 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(41 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33)+(36 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(38 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33) ([pic]=101. 937 + 30. 49217 + 0. 333215 + 22. 24069 + 27. 67367 + 25. 4293 ([pic]=208. 106. This is the computed ([pic]-value. ( = 0. 05 d. f. = 6 – 1 = 5. Go to ([pic]-t ables at ( = 0. 05, and d. f. = 5, you will get CRITICAL ([pic]-value = 11. 070. Since Computed ([pic]-value is greater than Critical ([pic]-value REJECT NULL H[pic]:P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] ALTERNATIVE H[pic]: At least one P is different is correct How to cite Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications, Papers

Competitive Strategy for Coca-Cola Company- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCompetitive Strategy for Coca-Cola Company. Answer: Introduction Established in 1886, the Coca-Cola Company is one of the unique and oldest brands in the sector of carbonated soft drink. Along with the most guarded secret in the history of world business, Coca-cola has grown as a corporation over almost two centuries. Spread over almost all the countries except Cuba and North Korea, Coca-cola has achieved a status, which was unimaginable for a soft drink company before its genesis. Among PepsiCo, Cott, Faygo, Dr. Pepper Snapple Group and Jones Soda; Coca-Cola remains favourite due to its innovative marketing strategies, secret ingredient and most importantly variety of products it offers (De Mooij 2013). Adaptation The key to win over the global market is the ability to adapt according to various economic and geographical boundaries. Coca-cola sells its products in the major cities of US and Europe in one hand, whereas on the other hand it has also set its foot in the interiors of Africa and other third world nations. The soft drink company has implied of strategy of recycling of the packaging material, distribution of dealership to the local dealers and has even deducted the cost of packaging from its sell price in order to allure the consumers in Africa. The sales of a soft drink company depend on four basic factors; availability, visibility, cooling and range in all economies (developed or emerging economies). The per-capita profit of Coca-cola products is low in the third world countries (Company et al., 2017). Coca-cola tries to create a connection between the brands and the consumers through various marketing strategies. The Coca-Cola Company has 900 production units for liquid and bottli ng plants, which explains its strong distribution system around the world. Coca-cola also spends about a 20 percent of their total budget in advertising in order to hold their market share. Aggregation The Coca-Cola Company has one of the best distribution systems across the world. The company had contracts with the food chains like Mc Donalds and Dominos as a part of the selling strategy around the world. As these two restaurant chains are spread over all the major cities around the world, Coca-Cola has used this strategy to reach its consumers and allure new among them. The structure of the company is subdivided into five geographical areas; North America, Latin America, Middle East and South Asia, Eastern and Central Europe and Africa (it contains 50 countries) (The Coca-cola Company 2017). The plants of Coca-cola are located all around the world in order to smoothen the supply chain. The corporation has also sponsored world events like FIFA World cup, Tour de France and Copa America as a global strategy to aggregate and increase the number of customers (Bhasin 2017). Arbitrage After Coke took over Parle in 1994 it took the advantage over Pepsi, as it got access to two hundred thousand of Parles retail outlets and 60 bottlers (Brandwatch 2017). The market shares of Coke reached upto about 60 percent after Parles inclusion in compared to Pepsis 26% in countries like India. . For cheaper labour it has running industrious units in India and China which also addresses and acts as a supply source in the large market of South Asia. This cuts down the cost of these products. Conclusion 75% of Cocacolas sales is dependent on soda in compared to 50% of Pepsi Co. per-capita drink consumption has reportedly decreased over the last decade (NASDAQ.com. 2017). Therefore, this is an alarming situation for Cocacola. Cocacola is building on its strategy of doing well outside US and make their US propositions better whereas Pepsi Co. has an edge over Coca-cola in the US. References De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Bhasin, H. (2017).Marketing strategy of Coca cola - Coca cola strategy. [online] Marketing91. Available at: https://www.marketing91.com/marketing-strategy-of-coca-cola/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Brandwatch. (2017).Coke vs Pepsi: Market Share Analysis on Social. [online] Available at: https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/the-coke-vs-pepsi-social-presence-showdown/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. NASDAQ.com. (2017).Coke Vs. Pepsi: By The Numbers. [online] Available at: https://www.nasdaq.com/article/coke-vs-pepsi-by-the-numbers-cm337909 [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Company, O., Main, O., Journey, A., Mission, V., Inclusion, D., Rights, H., Overview, W., Diversity, S., Leaders, C., System, T., History, C., Reports, C., Report, S., (U.S.), C., Foundation, T., Coca-Cola, W., Store, C., Main, I., Review, 2., Information, I., Information, I., Events, I., Information, S., Governance, C., Filings, I., Center, P., Main, P., Releases, P., Statements, C., Library, V., Library, I., Contacts, P., Main, C., Us, C., Main, C., Page, F., FORWARD, O., Replenishment, W., Diversity, S., Back, G., Recipes, F., Review, 2., System, T., Company, Overview, Journey, Mission, V., Inclusion, Rights, Workplace, Foundation, Leadership, System, History, Reports, Report, (U.S.), Coca-Cola, Store, System, Bottling, Engagement, Pillars, Workplace, O., Itself, H., Health Safety: We Are Focused on the Safety of Our Employees, O., FIZZ, T., Bottles, W., Ramadan, L., Recipe, C., Alone, R., Tasted, T., Recipe, C. and Nationwide, C. (2017).The Coca-Cola System. [online] The Coca-Co la Company. Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/our-company/the-coca-cola-system [Accessed 22 May 2017]. The Coca Cola Company. (2017).Distribution and global adaptation. [online] Available at: https://cocacolageoassignment.weebly.com/distribution-and-global-adaptation.html [Accessed 22 May 2017].

Types of Essay with explanation in English Language - how to get success in education

Effective essay writing becomes critical when it comes to success in education. Most of the time during studies we need to write essay in various forms of assignments or homework. Selecting the right essay makes essay writing more difficult. Always think about the audience of you essay. Audience are very important, it equally matters that selecting right audience according to the topic and type of an essay. Writing an impressive essay in front of wrong audience will decline its worth. Making and outline in which you think about audience, topic, type of an essay will make life easy. There are many types of essays but we need to know about the most popular. This will make our life easy. There are four main types of essays 1-Expository Essay This essay type contains the facts. The writer discusses the facts with justification. It is necessary to explain the topic with the help of statists, references and examples. This type of essay contains facts, so it necessary to keep writer’s feeling away. The reader does not feel that the author is biased. 2-Narrative Essay In narrative essay the writer tells a story. The story should be real not fiction. The writer should share his/ her personal experiences in narrative essay. This type of essay is helps students to think about their experiences and convert them into writing. This will help them in expressing their thoughts and feeling. 3-Descriptive Essay Descriptive essay’s names explain itself that it contains details. In this essay the writer explain each and every detail about the person, thing or place. Normally the length of this essay is long because it contains details. The details must be informative and facts. The flow of the must be good in order to maintain reader interest. 4-Persuasive Essay This essay contains expert’s opinion in a way that it can convince the reader on the writer point. This needs much explanation each and every aspect of the topic should be covered in a way that it can make strong case in front of reader. The reader should believe that the author point is accurate otherwise this essay will become meaningless. Explanations will helps writer to prove his/ her point, so try to use examples. We have discussed the most common types of essays. Now you have clear idea what is necessary in specific type of essay. This information will be useful in selecting the right type of an essay. Selecting the right essay make writing easy. After selecting an essay the writer must follow other steps that experts believe make 50 % time and make essay writing more effective,. According to an expert essay writer at , proper research is necessary before starting the process of essay writing. The student can enjoy essay writing if they have a reading habit. Those students who love reading finds essay writing easy whereas other feels it very difficult. It is nearly impossible to avoid essay writing during student life. The only solution to this problem is to build a reading habit. It is not necessary that you should start reading many ages from day one. Building a reading habit is also a time taking process. If you believe reading will be helpful in your life because it will improve you knowl edge then you will start taking interest in reading. Everyone can write essay easily if they have something to say about the topic. Students feel boring during essay writing. If someone is not good at reading then he/she should listen carefully. This will also helpful but not as much as reading. There is no alternate of reading in this world. You should start reading from now in order to gain knowledge. This is the thing that distinguishes between good and bad students. It is impossible to be a good student without reading habit. Grammar mistakes also make students life tough. Reading will help in gaining knowledge, it will also improve grammar. Grammatical mistakes are the most popular reason for bad scoring in exams. An expert at essay help uk discussing the experience of checking student’s essays. He told that most of students writes essays just for gaining marks. This practice is the root cause of bad essay writing. Good essay writing can only be done by serious attitude. Students mostly fill pages for gaining marks. This is one of the reasons of bad scoring. When teacher reads an essay he/ she found no flow in the essay. The teacher always first identify the type of an essay then check whether certain criteria is fulfilled or not. When student start writing then he /she should select the right topic and type of an essay. This will improve their writing and score in the exam.

Reading Schedule Essay Example

Reading Schedule Essay Example Reading Schedule Essay Reading Schedule Essay Week 1 Tuesday 01/15 Introduction/Syllabus/ â€Å"Where I’m From† poem Thursday 01/17 Read â€Å"Brainology† by Carol Dweck Week 2 Tuesday 01/22 Read â€Å"Ain’t I a Woman† and â€Å"The Men We Carry In Our Minds† Thursday 01/24 Active Reading and Analysis Standards (posted on Blackboard under writing and reading tools) Week 3 Tuesday 01/29 Read â€Å"Narration† in Patterns; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 1-3 Thursday 01/31 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 4-5 Week 4 Tuesday 02/5 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 6-7 Thursday 02/7 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 8 Week 5 Tuesday 02/12 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 9-11 Thursday 02/14 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 12 Week 6 Tuesday 02/19 Read I Love Yous Are for White People Ch. 13-14; Read I Love Yous Are for White People Epilogue, â€Å"About the book† and â€Å"Read on† Thursday 02/21 Read â€Å"Description† in Patterns page 143-148; Read â€Å"Exemplification† in Patterns page 199-201; Read â€Å"Process† in Patterns page 199-201 Week 7 Tuesday 02/26 Read â€Å"Cause and Effect† † in Patterns page 321-326; Read The Kite Runner pages 1-47 Thursday 02/28 Read The Kite Runner pages 48-58 Week 8 Tuesday 03/05 Read â€Å"Comparison and Contrast† in Patterns page 383-384; Read The Kite Runner pages 59-100 Thursday 03/07 The Kite Runner pages 101-124 Week 9 Tuesday 03/12 Read Classification and Division in Patterns pages 447-448 The Kite Runner pages 125-189 Thursday 03/14 The Kite Runner pages 190-223 Week 10 Tuesday 03/19 Read â€Å"Definition† in Patterns page 505-506; The Kite Runner pages 224-272 Thursday 03/21 The Kite Runner pages 273-292 Week 11 SPRING BREAK Tuesday 03/26 No Class Thursday 03/28 No Class Week 12 Tuesday 04/02 The Kite Runner pages 293-371 Thursday 04/04 Read â€Å"Argumentation† in Patterns page 547-548 Week 13 Tuesday 04/09 Read â€Å"Combining The Patterns† in Patterns page 705-706 Thursday 04/11 Read Scholarly Source Week 14 Tuesday 04/16 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 757-766 Thursday 04/18 Read â€Å"Using Research in Your Writing† page 766-782 Week 15 Tuesday 04/23 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 04/25 Read Scholarly Source Week 16 Tuesday 04/30 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/02 Read Scholarly Source Week 17 Tuesday 05/07 Read Scholarly Source Thursday05/09 Read Scholarly Source Week 18 Tuesday 05/14 Read Scholarly Source Thursday 05/16 Read Scholarly Source Week 19 Finals Week Tuesday 05/21 Final Exam

Organizational Structure and Decision-Making Hierarchy Case Study - 17

Organizational Structure and Decision-Making Hierarchy - Case Study Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a  formal structure would limit the abilities of employees to make immediate decisions. Apart from the owners, the two part-time employees also need to be in a position to make decisions as and when required. Since the business is consumer-oriented, delays may be having a negative impact on the company. Also, the two owners still do not have well-defined roles and responsibilities, hence it does not support a formal organizational structure. Therefore, it is best to have an informal organizational structure to start with.  Alex and Pat must adopt a vertical decision-making hierarchy in their coffee shop. The part-time employees will still have the ability to make immediate decisions at the basic level. The topmost authority with respect to strategy must be Alex because he spends more time in the shop. This means that he will have better knowledge about ground realities than Pat does and also will not have any extra responsibilities. Pat on the other hand also works at the advertising firm and has extra tasks and responsibilities to fulfill. Therefore, the two part-time employees will report to Alex. Even though Pat will play an equal role in strategy making the final say will remain with Alex as he is better equipped to make the decisions. This situation can remain until Pat is able to dedicate his full time to the coffee shop.